Mountains of Debt (the history of state bonds) History
In 2015 Ukraine almost defaulted. The issues of state debt and debt restructuring are widely discussed in society. Against this backdrop it is of interest the history of state debts and how the bonds’ market was started. We suggest to our readers a translation of extract about the history of state bonds from “The Ascent of Money” by Niall Ferguson. Translation: Valeria Kotil, intern «Price of the State».
The price of the bank holidays History
The average bank holiday costs the economy £2.3 billion. Do we really need so many? Daniel Solomon and Douglas McWilliams from the «Centre for Economics and Business Research» (London, UK) produced a report on this topic in 2012. Follow the link and enjoy!
History of pensions History
The history of the national pension system is still a young one. Over the last two decades, the national pension system has been developing rapidly and set ambitions goals of completely covering the entire population and provide an adequate income to retirees. However, to this day many states still have immature formal pension schemes. This is true for countries in Africa, South and Eastern Asia, and Latin America. Often, the state guarantees only a minimum income to its older citizens. Moreover, even developed countries provide low state pensions to the average citizen. Thus, more than half of the world’s elderly rely exclusively on informal and traditional arrangements for income security.
A brief history of VAT History
The history of taxation is an informative and exciting topic. Here is a brief history of value-added tax we have put up together for you.